How does inheritance work between objects?

// Define a constructor function
function Person(name) {
  this.name = name
}

// A constructor function has a `prototype` property
console.log(Person.prototype)

// Instances of the constructor function are given a property of `__proto__`
const ben = new Person('Ben')
console.log(ben.__proto__)

// The `__proto__` property aliases the constructor function's prototype
const errorMessage = 'Error: __proto__ should alias prototype'
console.assert(ben.__proto__ === Person.prototype, errorMessage)

// Methods added to the constructor function's `prototype` property are shared between instances
Person.prototype.setName = function(name) {
  this.name = name
}
const alexis = new Person('Alexis')
const roger = new Person('Roger')
roger.setName('Roget')
const errorMessage = 'Error: setName should be the same'
console.assert(alexis.setName === roger.setName, errorMessage)

// Properties and methods added to `this` in the constructor function are not shared between instances
function Person(name) {
  this.name = name
  this.setName = function(name) {
    this.name = name
  }
}
const robin = new Person('Robin')
const mladen = new Person('Mladen')
const errorMessage = 'Error: setName should be different'
console.assert(robin.setName !== mladen.setName,errorMessage )

// Define properties and methods defined on the prototype property
Person.prototype.age = 10
Person.prototype.setAge = function(age) {
  this.age = age
}

// Notice how you can access them via instances (Rather than explicitly via `prototype`)
const asad = new Person('asad')
asad.setAge(42)
console.log(asad.age)

// This is because when you access a property/method on an instance, 
// (1) it looks on itself for that property/method and returns it if found; else...
// (2) it looks on its `__proto__` property which aliases the constructor function's `prototype` property
// (3) it keeps looking up the `__proto__` chain until it find its property/method
// (4) it stops when it reaches Object.prototype.__proto__ because that is null
function Rabbit() {
  this.getName = function() { return 'rabbit' }
}
Rabbit.prototype.getAge = function() { return 10; }
const robbie = new Rabbit()
console.log('Access method on instance directly: ', robbie.getName())
console.log('Access method on instance via prototype: ', robbie.getAge())

// How can I make one class inherit from another class?

// Approach 1
function Person(name) { this.name = name }
function Student(name) { Person.call(this, name) }
Student.prototype = Object.create(Person.prototype)
Student.prototype.constructor = Student

// Approach 2
class Person { constructor(name){ this.name = name }}
class Student extends Person { constructor(name){super(name)}}